Meanwhile, Kurawa (Kauravas) is the a-hundred sons of Destrarasta and Dewi Gandari. Thus, in the character arrangement on the screen, Pandhawa is on the right side. Pandhawa is the five sons of King Pandu Dewanata with Dewi Kunti and Dewi Madrim, who are incarnations of gods, who when they grow up become a knight. In the story of Mahabharata, there are several groups of puppets, such as the Pandhawa and the Kurawa. Additionally, we would see if the values contained in the shadow puppet culture can be used to foster good attitudes and characters of the students. Thus, this study aims to explore ethnomathematics in the Indonesian Javanese shadow puppet culture, which can later be used as a starting point to learn about sets theory. Under the idea of D’Ambrosio, we could see that the Javanese shadow puppet is potentially rich of ethnomathematics context in terms of the way the puppeteer applies the concept of sets in classifying the puppet characters using various characteristics. However, very limited number of researchers has explored the shadow puppet culture as a context for the starting point to learn about the sets theory and righteous values for students’ character building. Those studies provide many insights into the use of various cultural contexts to learn various topics in mathematics. Finally, Risdiyanti and Prahmana designed learning using the context of the puppet as the starting point to learn sets of material. They found that the shape of the puppet characters could be reconstructed into some geometrical objects. Putri, Tanto, and Kusumasturi explored the geometrical objects in the puppet characters. DeJarnette, Lausell, and Gonzalez explored the similarity and dilation between the puppet and its reflection on the screen. In addition to this, the usage of puppet context in mathematics learning also have been developed. Moreover, Nurjanah, Mardia, and Turmudi studied Marosok trading tradition to develop the students’ mathematical representative ability. Prahmana, Yunianto, Rosa, and Orey studied the pranatamangsa system and predictions for the anniversary of death and birthday in Javanese culture. Nursyahidah, Saputro, Albab, and Aisyah studied the use of Gunungan Megono to learn about cones. Putra, Wijayanto, and Widodo studied the Soko Tunggal mosque context to learn two-dimensional geometry. Rahmawati studied the use of the Gadang house of Minangkabau to learn the Pythagorean theorem.
Some researchers have documented their study results related to the use of cultural contexts in mathematics learning. It also contains ethical values philosophically rooted in the belief in the Almighty God and that transcendental power determines all human destiny. The values are then become an example in society. The Mahabharata also provides noble values, such as obedience and discipline in carrying out religion or government orders. In general, it appears that good will always win against evil. The Mahabharata story is rich in values, such as human interest to independence, health, wealth, happiness, struggle, and personal determination to achieve goals. Meanwhile, the epic of Mahabharata was translated into Old Javanese during the reign of King Dharmawangsa Teguh in East Java several centuries later. In the 10th century, the epic of Ramayana in Central Java was translated from Sanskrit into Old Javanese at the time of King Dyah Balitung. The Mahabharata was composed by Rsi Wiyasa, while the Ramayana was composed by Rsi Walmiki.
The Indonesian puppet stories originated from the Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Furthermore, the values and philosophy of the shadow puppet culture harbor the potential to foster the students’ good character and behavior. We found some interesting elements, characteristics, and patterns in the Javanese shadow puppet, which can be used as a starting point to learn the sets concept. We used ethnography to explore it through literature study, documentation, and field notes. Besides, this study also discusses the righteous life values that the students could internalize during mathematics learning through shadow puppet culture. Therefore, this study aims to explore the other elements of mathematics potentially found in this context which-for this example-is the sets material. We hardly find any other material that has been explored as deep as the geometry material in the context of the Javanese shadow puppet. The elements, however, still focus on the exploration of geometry material. Some experts have explored its characteristics and found out that it contains many mathematical elements which could be used as a starting point to learn mathematics. As a country with a diverse culture, it has detailed and comprehensive characteristics and stories related to puppets, especially the Javanese shadow puppet. Some countries have puppet culture in various forms, terms, and ways, including Indonesia.
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